Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokushintsha ne-router

Emhlabeni we-Networking, kuvela amadivaysi amabili ayisisekelo: ukushintshwa kanye nama-routers. Yize bobabili badlala indima ebalulekile kumadivayisi okuxhuma, banemisebenzi ehlukile kunethiwekhi. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili kungasiza amabhizinisi nabantu abathile bakwazi ukukhetha okunolwazi lapho bekha noma bandisa ingqalasizinda yabo yenethiwekhi.

Indima yokushintshwa kwenethiwekhi
Ukushintshwa kwenethiwekhi kusebenza ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo (LAN) ukuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi, njengamakhompyutha, amaphrinta namakhamera we-IP. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwalawa madivayisi ngokuqondisa idatha endaweni efanele lapho uya khona ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Ukushintshwa Khomba amadivayisi kunethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa amakheli e-Mac (Media Access Control). Lapho idivaysi ithumela idatha, i-switch idlulisela phambili kuso umemukeli ohlosiwe kunokuba asakaze kuyo yonke insiza exhunyiwe. Le ndlela ebhekiswe kuyo isiza i-bandwidth futhi yandise isivinini senethiwekhi, okwenza switch ilungele izindawo eziphakeme ze-Traffic traffic njengamahhovisi, izikole kanye nezikhungo zedatha.

Indima ye-router
Ngokungafani ne-switch, ekhawulelwe kunethiwekhi eyodwa, i-router isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukile. Esethelweni elijwayelekile lasekhaya noma kwebhizinisi, i-router ixhumanisa inethiwekhi yendawo kwi-Intanethi. Isebenza njengesango elilawula ithrafikhi yedatha engenayo naphumayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha evela kwi-Intanethi ifinyelela kudivayisi efanelekile ngaphakathi kwe-LAN NEMPILO.

Ama-routers asebenzisa amakheli we-IP (I-Intanethi) amakheli) ukuthumela idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi. Baphatha imisebenti ebanzi kunezishintshi, kufaka phakathi ukwaba amakheli we-IP kumadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, ukuphatha ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi, nokuhlinzeka nge-firewall.

Umehluko Osemqoka phakathi kokushintsha ne-router
Nakhu ukwephulwa komehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili:

Umsebenzi nobubanzi:

Shintsha: Isebenza ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi eyodwa yendawo, amadivaysi okuxhuma kanye nokwenza lula ukushintshaniswa kwemininingwane phakathi kwabo.
I-Router: Ixhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene, ngokujwayelekile ukuxhumanisa inethiwekhi yendawo kwi-Intanethi nokuphatha ithrafikhi yedatha kuya kwimithombo yangaphandle.
Uhlelo Lokulungisa:

Shintsha: Sebenzisa ikheli le-MAC ukukhomba nokuxhumana namadivayisi. Le ndlela isebenza kakhulu ekuphatheni ukugeleza kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi evaliwe.
I-Router: Isebenzisa amakheli we-IP kudatha yomzila phakathi kwamanethiwekhi, okubalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwe-Intanethi nokufinyelela kumanethiwekhi angaphandle.
Umzila wedatha nokudluliselwa kwedatha:

Shintsha: idatha phambili ngqo kumadivayisi athile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, okwenza ukugeleza kwedatha yangaphakathi kusebenze kahle.
I-router: imizila idatha kumanethiwekhi ahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifinyelela lapho uya khona, kungaba ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo noma ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi.
Izici zezokuphepha:

Ukushintshwa: Ngokuvamile kube nezinketho eziyisisekelo zokuphepha, ezigxile ekuphathweni kwedatha yangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukushintshwa okulawulwa kunikeza ezinye izici zokuphepha ezithuthukile ezifana ne-VLAN (Virtual Lan) ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokubekwa phambili phambili kwethrafikhi.
I-router: inezinhlobo zokuphepha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi njenge-firewall, i-NAT (inethiwekhi yekheli lenethiwekhi), futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukusekelwa kwe-VPN. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela inethiwekhi kusuka ekusongelweni kwangaphandle nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Sebenzisa amacala:

Ukushintshwa: Ilungele izindawo lapho amadivaysi amaningi adinga ukuxhumana khona ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo, njengamahhovisi, izikole kanye nezikhungo zedatha.
I-Router: Kubalulekile ekuxhumaneni nenethiwekhi yakho yangakini kumanethiwekhi angaphandle, njenge-Intanethi, okwenza kube yithuluzi elibalulekile lamanethiwekhi asekhaya nawamabhizinisi.
Ngabe udinga bobabili?
Kuma-setups amaningi, ukushintshwa kanye ne-router kuyadingeka. Kunethiwekhi ejwayelekile yasekhaya, i-router ixhumanisa amadivayisi akho kwi-Intanethi, futhi i-switch (noma ihlanganiswe kwi-router noma ihlukaniswe) ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi efanayo. Okwebhizinisi nezindawo ezinkulu, ukushintshwa okuzinikezele kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphatha kahle ithrafikhi yangaphakathi, kanti ama-routers aphatha ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-LAN ne-Intanethi ebanzi.

Ekuphetheni
Ukushintshwa kanye nama-routers asebenza ngokubambisana ukudala inethiwekhi engenamthungo nesebenzayo, ngokushintshana ngakunye kufeza indima ethile. Ishintsha i-Uptimize ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ngokuqondisa idatha kumadivayisi athile, kanti ama-rourser aphatha ukuxhumana kwangaphandle, exhumanisa amanethiwekhi endawo kwi-Intanethi futhi avikele ithrafikhi yedatha. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwala madivaysi amabili, ungenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokwengeziwe mayelana nengqalasizinda yakho yenethiwekhi futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ihlangabezana nokuxhumana kwakho kanye nezidingo zokuphepha.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buqhubekisela phambili, ukushintshwa kanye nama-routers kubuswa yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe emandleni abo, ukuhlinzeka ngamabhizinisi nabantu abanamandla amakhulu ngokusebenza kwamanethiwekhi abo nokuphepha kwamanethiwekhi abo.