Ukuqonda Umehluko Phakathi Kokushintsha kanye Nerutha

Emhlabeni wokuxhumana, amadivaysi amabili ayisisekelo avame ukuvela: amaswishi namarutha. Nakuba zombili zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumeni amadivaysi, zinemisebenzi ehlukene kunethiwekhi. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kungasiza amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye benze izinqumo ezinolwazi lapho bakha noma benweba ingqalasizinda yabo yenethiwekhi.

Iqhaza lamaswishi enethiwekhi
Ukushintsha kwenethiwekhi kusebenza kunethiwekhi yendawo (LAN) ukuze kuxhunywe amadivayisi amaningi, njengamakhompyutha, amaphrinta, namakhamera we-IP. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwalawa madivayisi ngokuqondisa idatha endaweni efanele ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Ukushintsha ukuhlonza amadivayisi kunethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa amakheli e-MAC (Media Access Control). Uma idivayisi ithumela idatha, iswishi iyidlulisela ngqo kumamukeli ohlosiwe esikhundleni sokuyisakaza kuwo wonke amadivaysi axhunyiwe. Le ndlela eqondisiwe isiza ukonga umkhawulokudonsa futhi yandise isivinini senethiwekhi, okwenza ukushintshwa kube kuhle ezindaweni eziphakeme zethrafikhi yedatha njengamahhovisi, izikole nezikhungo zedatha.

Indima yomzila
Ngokungafani nokushintsha, okukhawulelwe kunethiwekhi eyodwa, i-router isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Kuhlelo olujwayelekile lwekhaya noma lwebhizinisi, irutha ixhuma inethiwekhi yendawo ku-inthanethi. Isebenza njengesango elilawula ithrafikhi yedatha engenayo nephumayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi idatha evela ku-inthanethi ifinyelela idivayisi efanele ngaphakathi kwe-LAN futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Amarutha asebenzisa amakheli e-IP (Internet Protocol) ukuze adlulisele idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi. Baphatha ububanzi obubanzi bemisebenzi kunokushintsha, okuhlanganisa ukunikeza amakheli e-IP kumadivayisi angaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, ukuphatha ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi, nokuhlinzeka ngokuvikela ngohlelo lokuvikela.

Umehluko Obalulekile Phakathi Kokushintsha kanye Nerutha
Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa komehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili:

Umsebenzi kanye nobubanzi:

Ukushintsha: Isebenza ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo eyodwa, ixhuma amadivayisi futhi yenza kube lula ukushintshana kwedatha phakathi kwawo.
Irutha: Ixhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene, ngokuvamile axhumanisa inethiwekhi yendawo ku-inthanethi futhi ilawula ithrafikhi yedatha eya noma evela emithonjeni yangaphandle.
Isistimu yokukhuluma:

Shintsha: Isebenzisa ikheli le-MAC ukuze ikhombe futhi ixhumane namadivayisi. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi evaliwe.
Irutha: Isebenzisa amakheli e-IP ukuhambisa idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi, okubalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwe-inthanethi nokufinyelela kumanethiwekhi angaphandle.
Umzila wedatha nokudlulisa idatha:

Shintsha: idlulisela idatha ngokuqondile kumadivayisi athile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, okwenza ukugeleza kwedatha yangaphakathi kusebenze kahle kakhulu.
Irutha: Ihambisa idatha kumanethiwekhi ahlukene, iqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifika endaweni okuyiyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo noma ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi.
Izici zokuphepha:

Ukushintsha: Ngokuvamile kunezinketho eziyisisekelo zokuphepha, ezigxile ekulawuleni idatha yangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, amaswishi aphethwe anikezela ngezici ezithile zokuphepha ezithuthukile njengesegmentation ye-VLAN (virtual LAN) kanye nokubeka kuqala ithrafikhi.
Irutha: Inezici zokuphepha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezifana ne-firewall, i-NAT (Ukuhumusha Ikheli Lenethiwekhi), futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokusekelwa kwe-VPN. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela inethiwekhi ezinsongweni zangaphandle nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Sebenzisa izimo:

Ukushintsha: Kulungele izindawo lapho amadivayisi amaningi adinga ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo, njengamahhovisi, izikole, nezikhungo zedatha.
Irutha: Ibalulekile ekuxhumeni inethiwekhi yakho yangakini kumanethiwekhi angaphandle, njenge-inthanethi, okuyenza ibe idivayisi ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi asekhaya nawebhizinisi.
Ingabe udinga kokubili?
Ngokusetha okuningi, iswishi nerutha kuyadingeka. Kunethiwekhi evamile yasekhaya, irutha ixhuma amadivayisi akho ku-inthanethi, futhi iswishi (ehlanganiswe kumzila noma ehlukene) ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi akunethiwekhi efanayo. Ezimweni zebhizinisi nezinkulu, ukushintsha okuzinikele kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphatha kahle ithrafikhi yangaphakathi, kuyilapho amarutha elawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-LAN ne-inthanethi ebanzi.

Ekuphetheni
Amaswishi namarutha asebenza ndawonye ukuze akhe inethiwekhi engenamthungo nephumelelayo, iswishi ngayinye igcwalisa indima ethile. Ukushintsha kuthuthukisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwenethiwekhi ngokuqondisa idatha kumadivayisi athile, kuyilapho amarutha elawula uxhumo lwangaphandle, axhumanisa amanethiwekhi endawo ku-inthanethi nokuvikela ithrafikhi yedatha. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalawa madivayisi womabili, ungenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluningi mayelana nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yakho futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ihlangabezana nezidingo zakho zokuxhuma nezokuphepha.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, ama-switch kanye nama-routers aba yinkimbinkimbi emandleni abo, ahlinzeka amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye ngokulawula okukhulu ekusebenzeni nokuvikeleka kwamanethiwekhi abo.