Emhlabeni wobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, amadivaysi amabili avame ukugqama: amaswishi namarutha. Ngenkathi la magama womabili evame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, amaswishi namarutha adlala izindima ezihlukene kungqalasizinda yenethiwekhi. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwakha inethiwekhi ethembekile nephumelelayo, kungaba sekhaya noma endaweni yebhizinisi.
Kuyini ukushintsha kwenethiwekhi? Iswishi yenethiwekhi isebenza ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo eyodwa (LAN), exhuma amadivayisi amaningi njengamakhompyutha, amaphrinta, namafoni e-IP. Inesibopho sokuphatha ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwale nethiwekhi, ivumela amadivayisi ukuthi abelane ngedatha kalula. Ukushintsha kusebenza Kusendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha (Usendlalelo 2) semodeli ye-OSI, kusetshenziswa amakheli e-MAC (Media Access Control) ukuze kuhlonzwe amadivayisi. Lokhu kuvumela ukushintshwa ukuze kuqondise idatha endaweni efanele phakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo, ukugwema ithrafikhi engadingekile nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukushintsha kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: Ukushintsha okungalawulwa - Ukushintsha okuyisisekelo okungenayo izinketho zokumisa, alungele amanethiwekhi amancane adinga ukuxhumana okulula. Ukushintsha okuphethwe - Ukushintsha okuthuthukisiwe okuvumela ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso kwenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ama-VLAN (I-Virtual Local Area Networks), Ikhwalithi Yesevisi (QoS), nokubeka phambili kwethrafikhi, okuwenza afanelekele amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi, adingeka kakhulu. Iyini irutha? Amaswishi aphatha ithrafikhi yedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi eyodwa, kuyilapho amarutha exhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene ndawonye. Isibonelo, ekusethweni okujwayelekile kwekhaya, irutha ixhuma inethiwekhi yendawo ku-inthanethi, isebenza njengesango phakathi kwe-LAN nomhlaba obanzi. Amarutha asebenza kusendlalelo senethiwekhi (ungqimba 3) wemodeli ye-OSI, esebenzisa amakheli e-IP ukuhambisa idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi, enquma indlela engcono kakhulu yamaphakethe futhi iwaqondise ngokufanele. Amarutha eza nezici ezengeziwe ezifana nezindonga zokuvikela umlilo, ukuhumusha ikheli lenethiwekhi (NAT), futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukusekelwa kwe-VPN, okubenza babaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amanethiwekhi nokuphatha ukuxhumana kwangaphandle. Ekusetheni okukhudlwana, amarutha asiza ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi amaningi, njengokuxhuma izindawo zamahhovisi ezihlukene noma ukudala amanethiwekhi ahlukene ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Umehluko Obalulekile Phakathi Kokushintsha Namarotha Ake sihlole omunye umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwamaswishi namarutha: Ukusebenza kanye Nobubanzi: Amaswishi: Kusebenza kunethiwekhi yendawo eyodwa, ukuxhuma izisetshenziswa zokuxhumana kwangaphakathi. Amarutha: Xhuma amanethiwekhi amaningi (njenge-LAN ku-inthanethi noma amanethiwekhi ahlukene ehhovisi), ulawule ukugeleza kwedatha yangaphandle neyangaphakathi. Ukuphathwa Kwedatha: Ukushintsha: Sebenzisa amakheli e-MAC ukuze uhlonze idatha bese uyidlulisela kudivayisi elungile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo. Amarutha: Sebenzisa amakheli e-IP umzila idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi, uqinisekise ukuthi idatha ifinyelela lapho iya khona ekugcineni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Izici Zokuvikela:Shintsha: Ngokuvamile kunikeza ukuvikeleka okuyisisekelo, kodwa amaswishi aphethwe angafaka izici ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-VLAN ukuze uthole ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe. Irutha: Ihlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuvikeleka ngodonga olwakhelwe ngaphakathi, i-NAT, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amakhono e-VPN, ivikela inethiwekhi ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Ukuxhumana Kwedivayisi:Shintsha: Ixhumeka kakhulu izisetshenziswa (ezifana namakhompyutha namaphrinta) ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo, yenza kube lula ukwabelana ngedatha nokuxhumana. Irutha: Ixhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene, ixhuma ama-LAN ku-inthanethi, futhi yenza amadivaysi akwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza zangaphandle. Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Okujwayelekile:Shintsha: Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukuxhumana kwedivayisi yangaphakathi kubalulekile, njengamahhovisi noma izikole. Irutha: Ibalulekile ekuxhumeni amanethiwekhi endawo ku-inthanethi noma ukuxhuma izingxenye zenethiwekhi ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi elikhulu. Ingabe udinga kokubili? Ezimweni eziningi, inethiwekhi izozuza kukho kokubili iswishi kanye nerutha. Esimeni sasekhaya, irutha evamile ingase ihlanganise ukusebenza kweswishi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ehlinzeka ngoxhumo lwe-inthanethi nokuxhumana kwedivayisi kuya kudivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni zezentengiselwano ezinamanethiwekhi amakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi, ama-switch switch nama-routers azinikele asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokulawula, ngokulandelana. Ama-ConclusionSwitches namarutha ngalinye lidlala indima ehlukile kungqalasizinda yenethiwekhi. Ukushintsha kugxile ekuxhumekeni kwangaphakathi, ukudala izindlela eziphumelelayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo, kuyilapho amarutha anesibopho sokuxhuma amanethiwekhi ndawonye nokuphatha ithrafikhi phakathi kwawo ne-inthanethi. Ngokuqonda lo mehluko, ungakha inethiwekhi ehlangabezana nezidingo zakho, isivinini sokulinganisa, ukuphepha, nokuxhumana. Njengoba izimfuno zenethiwekhi zikhula ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuba nenhlanganisela efanele yokushintsha namarutha kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzisi basekhaya namabhizinisi. Ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifanele, uzoba nenethiwekhi ethembekile nengakalayo elungele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zeminyaka yedijithali.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-15-2024
